Bonifica is the draining of the marshes that shaped the Maremma. For centuries, the coastal plain was a zone of malaria, low flooded lands and fevers that drove the population up into the hills. The major works begun under the Lorraine in the 18th century, then carried on under Mussolini in the 1930s, drained these lands. You'll notice it as you drive: the straight canals, the isolated farmhouses and the embankments along the roads. For you, it's the key to understanding why some villages are perched high while others sit right by the sea.
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